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美國腳輪標準
發表時間:2022/6/21 13:13:10
4TEST APPARATUS 測試儀器
This section establishes the basic design requirements for the various apparatus types usedto test casters and wheels.Refer to sections 5 - 8 for the testing procedures and acceptancecriteria for specific types of casters as follows:
以下所述是關於用以測試輪子的多種設備之基本設計需要。Section5-8是關於測試特殊輪子之過程及標準接受度。
Section 5 - Furniture Chair Casters家具(椅子)用小腳輪
Section 6 - Furniture Non-Chair Casters家具(非椅予)用小腳輪Section 7 - Industrial Casters工業用小腳輪
Section 8 - Institutional and Hospital Bed Casters醫療床用小腳輪
Note that all recording instruments, weights, loads, gages, timing devices and measuringdevices shall be calibrated on a regular basis.
紀錄所有的器具、重量、裝載量、尺寸時，計時儀器及測量儀器都應該要使用相同的規格。Sequence of Tests for All Casters
Initial Wheel Play Test初期輪胎運轉測試lnitial Swivel Play Test初期轉環運轉測試Rollability Test 轉動能力測試
Electrical Resistance Test電氣抵抗測試
lnitial Wheel Brake Efficiency Test初期輪胎煞車效果測試lnitial Swivel Lock Efficiency Test初期轉環鎖定效果測試
Braking and/or Locking Device Fatigue Test 煞車及鎖定設備疲勞檢測Dynamic Test力學測試
Final Wheel Brake Efficiency Test最終輪胎煞車效果測試Final Swivel Lock Efficiency Test最終轉環鎖定效果測試Final Wheel Play Test最終輪胎運轉測試
Final Swivel Play Test最終轉環運轉測試Static Test 靜態測試
Side Load Test 側邊裝載測試
Caster - Vertical lmpact Test小腳輪垂直沖擊測試
Wheels - Vertical lmpact Test輪胎垂直沖擊測試Wheel Play Test輪子運轉測試
This section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure wheel play atthe beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
以下所述是關於使用設備來測量檢查輪胎運轉(開始及結束)所需要的基本設備。
4.2.1 The test fixture shall be so constructed as to rigidly fix the caster assembly in ahorizontal
or vertical position.
用來測試的設備需要被設計的能夠牢固的以水平或垂直的方式固定小腳輪。
4.2.2A suitable measuring device accurate to " (0.0254 mm), shall be clamped to thefixture to record the amount of movement as the wheel is tilted from side to side.
於測試時，必須使用一個測量儀蒸(精準度夾緊於被測試的輪子，用以記錄輪子傾斜的次數。4.2.3 The measurement shall be taken at the farthest point from and parallel to the axle(Refer
to Figure 656.)
測試時須使用距軸最遙遠的點且須與軸平行。
Figure 56: Wheel Play Test Apparatus 輪子運轉測試儀器Swivel Play Test轉環運轉測試
This section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the swivelplay at the beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
Swivel play is the amount of vertical play between the mounting attachment and thecaster housing/rig. This measurement is converted to degrees.
以下所述是關於使用設備來測量檢查轉環運轉(開始及結束)所需要的基本設備。轉環運轉測試是有關托架及小腳輪間的垂直運轉次數。這個試驗會以不同角度作測試。
4.3.1 The apparatus consists of an amplifying bar at least 8" (200 mm) long, an indicatoraccurate to " (0.0254 mm) and a securing device.
這個設備是由一支至少200mm的支架，一個精準度達的指示器，以及一個安全裝置。4.3.2 The caster is to be secured such that the mounting attachment is free rotating andhorizontal.
小腳輪上的托架需要能夠自由的旋轉，并水平橫放。
4.3.3 Refer to Figure 57 as an example of the testing position and apparatus.附圖57是測試的樣本。
Figure 57: Swivel Play Test Apparatus轉環運轉測試設備Rollability Test滾動能力測試
This section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the rollingand swiveling performance of a caster at its load capacity.
以下是關於小腳輪於承載時，其滾動及轉環運轉表現測試時的基本需要。
4.4.1The apparatus for rolling and swiveling forces shall be constructed to accommodate oneor more swivel casters.
滾動及轉環運轉力量設備需要被設計能夠容納至少一個的小腳輪。
4.4.2 The test machine shall be constructed so that the test plane is horizontal and thecalibrated force gage shall be applied to the caster parallel to the test plane and
positioned as close to the wheel axis as possible.
用來測試的機器需要被建造使得測試平臺能夠水平橫放，測定力量的標準儀器應該要使測試平面能夠平行的貼近於小腳輪上，越近越好。
4.4.3 The test surface should be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane of thecaster.
測試的表面要是平滑的鋼鐵，且要與小腳輪的托架平面平行。
4.4.4 The test machine shall be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect theaccuracy of the test.
作測試的機器應該要非常堅固，使其能夠承受任何可能影響測試準確度的折損。
4.4.5 A weight equal to the load capacity is applied through dead weights or hydraulic, orpneumatic means.
應該要提供一個重量(相等於最大承載量)，運月凈重的、水力的、或是空氣的方法。
4.4.6 The coefficient of friction between wheel type and surface should be discounted (Referto
Figure 58).
輪子和表面的摩擦細數應該會打些折扣。
Figure 58: Rollability Test Apparatus滾動能力測試設備Note: The apparatus shown is for illustration only.顯示的設備只供說明。Electrical Resistance Test電阻測試
This section establishes basic requirements of the testing apparatus used to conductelectrostatic measurements of wheels and casters.
This test measures the surface electrical resistance of a wheel andor caster.
以下是有關用來傳導小腳輪的靜電測量設備的基本需要。這個實驗可以測出表面對輪子的電阻。4.5.1 The wheel shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. The casterto be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. The metal plate and the
mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. The resistancebetween electrodes shall be measured by any resistance measuring apparatus of asuitable range.
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行，并且於一個乾凈、乾h、并平坦的金屬表面上做測試。測試用的電及必須由金屬板及小腳輪的托架產生。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。
Wheel Brake and Swivel Lock Efficiency Test輪胎的煞車及轉環鎖之效率測試。This section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to determine theperformance of the wheel-braking and swivel-lock devices.
This test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotationalmovement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel
以下是有關用於決定輪胎煞車及轉環鎖的表現之裝置基本需求。這個實驗設備適用於附有能夠鎖定轉輪和輪胎轉動的裝置之小腳輪。
4.6.1 The apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.6.2 The apparatus shall provide a wheel contact surface that is flat and smooth.這個設備應提供一個平坦滑順的輪胎接觸表面。
4.6.3 The apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the casterperpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface.
這個設備應提供與承載重量相等的力量，且要與小腳輪的托架及測試平面垂直。
4.6.4 The apparatus shall provide the capability to attach a calibrated force gage to the casterparallel to the test surface. The maximum range of the force gage must exceed 25% of
the load capacity of the caster and have 1 lbf N), or smaller increments.這個設備應要使小腳輪能夠裝上一個力量測量儀，使其垂直於測試表面。這個方量測量儀需要一個最大的范圍，使其擁有大於最大承載量中25%之力量，以及1lbf或更小的增加量。
4.6.5 The test apparatus must be constructed so that the horizontal force may be applied at90°increments and the friction inherent in the machine is discounted (Refer to Figure 59).這個設備應該要建造成能使水平力量能應用於90°增加量，以及使機器內的內在的摩擦力打折扣。
Figure 59: Wheel Brake and swivel Lock Efficiency Test Apparatus輪胎煞車及轉輪所的效率測試設備。
Braking and/or Locking Fatigue Test煞車及鎖的疲勞測試。
This section establishes the basic design requirements for the apparatus used to fatiguetest braking and/or locking mechanisms for casters.
This test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotationalmovement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel.
以下是有關於測試小膚l輪煞車及鎖之機械裝置的疲勞所需的基本設計需求。這個測試設備適用於附有能夠鎖定轉輪和輪胎轉動的裝置之小腳輪。
4.7.1 The apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.7.2 The apparatus must cycle the braking or locking device through its entire range ofmotion.
這個設備必須藉由它的完整的運轉，使煞車及鎖定儀器能夠循環。
4.7.3 Test apparatus will allow continuous cycling from the braking to the non-braking position(Refer to Figure 60).測試的儀器可以由煞車及非煞車位置不斷的循環。
Figure 60: Braking andlor Locking Fatigue Test Apparatus煞車及鎖的疲勞測試設備
Note: The apparatus shown is for illustration only.顯示的設備只供說明。Static Test靜電測試
This section establishes the basic requirements of the apparatus used to conduct staticloading.
This test apparatus establishes the maximum load that can be carried and meet theminimum standards set forth, with no functional impairment to the caster.
以下是有關用於引導靜電裝載的設備之基本需求。這個測試設備證實了能被搬運的最大承載量，并且合乎於之前所定的最小準則，且能使小腳輪不產生任何的功能損害。
4.8.1 The apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.8.2 The test surface shall be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane of thecaster.
測試的表面要是平滑的鋼鐵，且要與小腳輪的托架平面平行。
4.8.3 The apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the casterperpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface. ICWM recommends the use of dead weightfor dynamic testing. lf pneumatic or hydraulic loads are applied, then a normalizing factormust be used.
這個設備應提供與承載重量和等的力量，且要與小腳輪的托架及測試平面垂直。ICWM排薦使用凈重來做力的測試。如!果是使用空氣的或是水力的裝載，那就:必須使月一個標準化的因素。4.8.4 The test machine should be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect theaccuracy of the test.作測試的機器應該要非常堅固，使其能夠承受任何可能影響測試準確度的折損。
4.8.5Refer to the appropriate dynamic test for surface speed. The minimum obstaclecrossing
speed shall be equal to the surface speed.
參照適合的力學測試來測試表面的速度。最小的障礙物跨越速度應該要等同於表面速度。4.8.6 The track configuration is optional, . linear or circular (horizontal and vertical),軌跡的結構是隨意的,換言之，可以直線的或是環行的(水平或垂直)。
4.8.7A device that records cycles andor time is to be incorporated in the dynamic testmachine.
用於紀錄循環及時間的裝置必須和力學測試的機器結合。
Note: Refer to section(s)6.3.1 or for obstacle size and orientation.參照6.3.1或查詢障礙物的大小及定位。
Side Load Test測邊裝載測試
This section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to conduct a sideloadtest on a rigid caster.
The side load is the maximum transverse force that a rigid caster can withstand beforepermanent deformation is encountered.
以下是有關於固定輪邊載測試沒備的基本需求。這個測邊裝載是要用到固定輪可承受的最大橫向力量(在輪胎永久變形毀壞之前)。
4.9.1 The test apparatus shall be capable of applying a compressive load parallel to the wheelaxis and at the axle.
這個測試設備應該要能提供平行於輪軸的壓縮裝載。
4.9.2 The mounting fixture shall be sufficiently rigid so that its deflection, due to the loadapplied to the caster, can be ignored.
托架設備應該要非常堅固，使得裝載物品對小腳輪鎖造成的變形可以被忽視。
4.9.3 The load can be applied by means of dead weights or hydraulic, or pneumatic meanssuch that a successive increase in load can be applied up to the load capacity of the
caster.
這個裝載物品可以用凈重、水力重量、或是空氣重量來產生，使其可以持續的加壓以達到輪子可以承受的最大重量。
4.9.4 A recording instrument with a range up to 1" (25.4 mm) travel, and accurate to "(0.0254 mm), shall be used in conjunction with compressive force.
必須使用一個紀錄的儀器可達移動距離,精準度達，來連接壓縮力。asterheel - Vertical lmpact Test輪子的垂直沖擊測試
This section establishes the basic test apparatus used to conduct a vertical impact teston casters and wheels.
This test measures the impact resistance of caster wheels.
以下是有關於輪子垂直沖擊測試所使用的基本測試設備。這個測試可測出小腳輪對沖擊的承受度。
4.10.1 A device that transmits force, usually measured in lbs. (N), to the test casterlwheelfrom a free-falling weight (Refer to Figure 61 for orientation).
使用一個能夠傳送力量的裝置(通常使用lbs為計量單位)，以自由落體的重量，來測試輪子對沖擊的承受力。
4.10.2 The apparatus can be any design that will allow a guided free-falling weight to drop onthe supported casterwheel.
這個設備可以任意設計，成為能夠使一個受控制的自由落體力量掉落在被支撐的小腳輪上的設備。
4.10.3 A measuring device to determine free fall distance is to be mounted parallel to the freefall weight path (Refer to Figure 61 for orientation).
4.10.4 The mounting fixture must be rigid enough to prevent deflection during the impact test.
這個測試的托架配件必須要非常堅固，使其可以承受沖擊測試中可能產生的彎由變形。
5 FURNITURE CHAIR CASTERS - TEST PROCEDURE AND
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA家具椅子之小腳輪一測試過程及標準接受度This section applies to casters that will normally be used in home/office environments forchair applications only. It covers categories, dimensions, and testing procedures.
以下是關於運用於家中或是辦公室內的椅子所裝置的輪子。內容包含種類、尺寸及測試過程。Categories種類
Office furniture casters are classified into 5 categories based on wheel diameter:辦公室用家具使用輪子基於直徑可分為以下五種，
1.Single wheel 2" (50 mm)
2.Single wheel 2 " (65 mm)3. Single wheel 3" (75 mm)4. Dual wheel 2" (50 mm)5.Dual wheel 2 " (65 mm)Dimensions尺寸
Minimum dimensions for office furniture casters are as follows:辦公室使用小腳輪最小尺寸如下:
Wheel Diameter Dimension輪子直徑尺寸
Min. Wheel (Single wheel)2"(50 mm) diameterMax. Wheel (Single wheel)3" (75 mm) diameterMin. Wheel(Dual wheel)2" (50 mm) diameterMax.Wheel (Dual wheel) 2 "(65 mm) diameter
Testing - General Requirements測試之普遍的需要
The manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials, surface treatments,embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of thisstandard are complied with.
制造商能夠自行決定設計方式、材質選定、表面處理方式、及裝飾方法。制造的方法皆須遵從這個標準法則。
5.3.1 All tests must be conducted with the same caster.所有的測試皆須使用同一個輪子。
5.3.2 All tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72° F(20-22°C).所以的測試皆須在周遭溫度20-22°C下進行。
5.3.3 No caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. Each caster shallbe
capable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
測試時，所有的零件接不可與輪子本身分離。所有的輪子在測試完成時接要能夠維持正常的功能。
Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria測試過程及標準接受度
5.4.1 Must comply with American National Standards Institute (ANSIl) and Business &Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association(BIFMA) Standards in that "no structuralbreakage or loss of serviceability" is allowed. The acceptance criteria per BIFMA -2000 specification state,"Structural breakage or loss of serviceability shall constitutefailure. No failure shall be allowed that in any way would cause personal injury to theoccupant." Dynamic test shall be performed per ANSIBIFMA - 1993 "Test
Procedures for Durability Cycling". The following test procedures shall be used:
必須跡從ANSI及BIFMA所規范的「不可有任何的結構性破壞，或是喪失其功能性。」BIFMA於2000年時聲明:「結構破壞及失去功能性皆會導致失敗。任何可能導致人員傷亡的錯誤皆不允許發生。」力學測試進行時，必須逐照ANSI及BIFMA於1993所聲明的:「測試循環耐久度的過程。」下列的測試皆須遵守:
5.4.1.1 Attach the chair base with casters to a cycling device as shown in Figure 62. Ifthe casters have hard treads (greater than or equal to 90 Shore A). conduct the
test with a smooth, hard suface on the test platform. If casters have soft treads,mount three obstacles on the test platform in accordance with the layout (Referto Figure 62).
連接椅了的基座和小腳輪到旋轉裝置，如圖62。如果小腳輪擁有堅硬的胎面(大於或等於90便度計)，則將實驗測試於一個平滑且堅固的測試平臺上。如果小腳輪擁有柔軟的胎面，則必須放置三個阻礙物再測試平臺上，使其與原本的設計一致。(見圖62)
5.4.1.2Apply a load of 300 pounds (136 kg). including the hopper (the unit that holds theweight), to the chair base. The base and casters shall be free to rotate and
swivel.
提供一個136Kg的裝載物，包含一個hopper (能承載重量的物品)在椅子的基座。椅子的基坐必須與椅子本身能夠自由的選轉。
5.4.1.3 Adjust the length of stroke of the cycling device to ensure 30" (762 mm) of travel.On tests for soft tread casters, this travel shall be oriented with the obstacles
(Refer to Figure 62).
調整循環裝置之敲擊的長度到能夠執行762mm的運行。如果測試的對象是軟胎面的小腳輪，則這個運行必須以障礙物為目的方向。
5.4.1.4 Operate the machine at a rate of 9± 1 cycles per minute. One cycle shall consistof a forward and a backward stroke of the machine. lf the casters have hard
treads, cycle the device for 100,000 cycles. If the casters have hard soft treads,cycle the device for 36,000 cycles. Findings shall be recorded in accordancewith the acceptance level in ANSI/BIFMA 18.5.1 (Refer to Figure 62).
將機器操作於旋轉速率為9±1圈/每分鐘。每一圈必須包含一個前擊、一個後擊。如果輪子擁有堅硬的胎面，將此機器旋轉100,000次。如果輪子擁有柔軟的胎面，則將機器旋轉36,000次。結
The caster shall have no loss of function or serviceability and show no visible signs offracture.
將一個小腳輪牢固的架設(使用標準安裝)於一個實驗設備，使一個自由落體的重量能夠重擊輪子的臉面。如果是雙輪小腳輪，兩個輪子必須同時間的接受撞擊。
Table 1表一
Drop Test落下測試
Diameter Minimum lmpact (in-lb)直徑的最小沖擊Single wheel 2" (50 mm) Soft Tread 180
Single wheel 2" (50 mm)Hard Tread 9oSingle wheel 2 " (65 mm) Soft Tread 180Single wheel 2 " (65 mm) Hard Tread 110Single wheel 3" (75 mm) Soft Tread 210Single wheel 3" (75 mm)Hard Tread 150
Dual wheel 2"(50 mm) Soft and Hard Tread 180Dual wheel 2 " (65 mm) Soft and Hard Tread 1805.4.3 Caster Retention小腳輪的保持
At the conclusion of durability cycling,apply a 5 lbf (22-N) force to each caster in line withthe caster stem centerline. The caster shall not separate from the base as a result of theapplication of a 5-lbs. kgs) load. Minimum pull out force shall be 5 lbf. (22-N) after
the caster has completed dynamic requirements in 5.4.1.
耐久性的測試結果:提供各一個5 lbf的力量給每個輪子的柱子中線，這個輪胎不能從底座被分開破壞。輪子接受力學測試之後，外拉的力量不得小於5 lbf。
5.4.4 Conductivity Test 導電率測試
The caster shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. The castermounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. Any resistancemeasuring apparatus of a suitable range shall measure the resistance between
electrodes. The wheel shall be rotated and measurements taken at 5 separate points ofcontact ; average these values.
Minimum standards of 250,000 ohms on average of 5 readingswheel (Refer to FFC-88-
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行。輪子的托架必須要行成測試所需要的電極。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。在測試過程中，輪了必須旋轉，并且測量五個不同的接觸點，接著再取其平均值。最小的標準值為五個輪子平均250,000 ohms.Average electrical resistance shall be less than 250,000 ohms and the maximum
individual electrical resistance shall be less than 1,000,000 ohms. All conductive wheelsare to have a yellow dot permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, toindicate conductivity.
平均的電阻應該要低於250,000 ohms，而最大的獨立電阻應該要低於1,000,000 ohms。所有的導電輪必須在輪子的表面上貼上一個黃色的原點標簽(踏板不需要)已表示它的導電性。
This test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing willbe achieved in application.The manufacturer is not responsible for any change, eitherloss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax,or foreignmaterials on the wheel.
這個測試并不保證能夠成功的將實驗結果時限於實際運用上。制造商并不需要爲任何的改變負責，包括減少或增加導電率。但灰塵及蠟的堆積及使用外來的材料并不在限制范圍內。
Conformity 遵從法則
The manufacturer declares on request by a Certificate of Compliance that the castersconform to the requirements as stated in this document.
制造商必須使用證明書來聲明其制造的輪子必須符合此文件所要求的規范。
6 FURNITURE NON-CHAIR CASTERS - TEST PROCEDURE ANDACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 家具(非椅門)之小腳輪―測試過程及標準接受度This section covers casters normally used in office/home environments not associated withseating applications. lt specifies technical requirements, applicable dimensions, and testingprocedures.
這一章節是有關辦公室及住家所使用的非椅子性家具所使月的小腳輪。并具體說明了技術上的需要、可應用的尺寸、及測試過程。
Non-seating office-furniture casters are classified into 10 categories based on wheeldiameter:
非椅子性的辦公室家具小腳給可依據輪的的直徑分成下列10個種類:
1.1.18”(30 mm)2.1.57”(40 mm)3.1.77”(45 mm)4.2" (50 mm)5.2.36”(60 mm)6.2"(65 mm)7.3" (75 mm)8.4" (100 mm)9.4.72”(120 mm)10.5" (125 mm)
Testing - General Requirements測試之普遍的需要6.2.1 Consistency一致性
All tests are completed with a new caster.全部的測試必須使用全新的小腳輪。
6.2.2 Temperature溫度
All tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72°F(20-22° C).所有的測試必須於局遭溫度20-22°C時進行。
6.2.3 Non-Detachable不可分開的
No caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. Each caster shall becapable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
The manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials,surface treatments.embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of thisstandard are complied with.
測試時，所有的零件接不可與輪子本身分離。所有的輪子在測試完成時接要能夠維持正常的功能。
制造商能夠自行決定設計方式、材質選定、表面處理方式、及裝飾方法。制造的方法皆須遵從這個標準法則。
Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria測試過程及標準接受度6.3.1 Dynamic Test力學測試
The running speed will be 2.0 mph kmh).
The test apparatus shall be an endless belt or drum-type testing machine with a smoothuninterrupted running surface.
跑速須為mph。測試的設備必須為無止盡的皮帶或是圓桶狀的測試機器(要有光滑不受阻礙的表面)。
The test cycle shall be:Run: 2 minutes minimumRest: 2 minutes maximum
The total elapsed run time shall be 20 hours minimum.測試的循環必須為:
最少兩分鐘的運轉，及最多兩分鐘的休息。測試總時數不得小於20小時。
Casters with wheel diameters of 2" (50mm) and greater shall also pass over a 1/8'(3.18mm) high obstacle for the duration of the test. The obstacle shall be 2" wide steel
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